In this webinar,
Dr Diana Obidniak,
Head of ART of Birth Clinic in St. Petersburg, Russia, talked about recurrent implantation failure (RIF), its causes, diagnosis, and available treatment options that she believes can help all those suffering from it. In 2012, Dr Obidniak started her more in-depth study on recurrent implantation failure.
‘I faced so many patients with ineffective IVF attempts that I dedicated all my time, energy and inspiration to create approved practical guidelines. 9 years later, my team has 4 international awards from the American Society of Reproductive Medicine, 2 patents for invention and viable protocol’.
Implantation
Dr Obidniak started by explaining how the implantation process works and why it is so crucial. The very beginning of your pregnancy starts with implantation. It is the
process of a delicate interaction between an embryo and the endometrium. It was 9 years ago, that it was discovered that ‘cumulus cells, microenvironment and various growth factors play an important role contributing or hindering successful mediation’. Before this data, all the investigators, and physicians worldwide knew that there were just two players: the embryo and the endometrium.
Now, we know that there are much more players involved, Dr Diana explains that concomitant pathology also plays a great role in contributing to the pregnancy or hindering the risk of miscarriage or ineffective implantation.
The embryo
Dr Obidniak emphasized that it is common for the aneuploidy rate to be high in human beings.
Even at a very young age, half of the embryos are abnormal. Dr Obidniak shared a slide from Excemed Congres held in 2017, where the topic discussed was: ‘
The prevalence of aneuploidy and the morphological evaluation of embryos’.
The embryos are called excellent, good, average or poor quality embryos according to their morphological appearance. Even among the excellent quality embryos, just 56% of them are normal and close to 45% are abnormal with either single or double or complex aneuploidy. All abnormal embryos are not recommended for embryo transfer. If an abnormal embryo is transferred, there are 3 possible outcomes.
The first one, there will be no pregnancy. Another one can be even worse, for example, the fetus starts to develop, but it has to be interrupted because of some medical indications, sometimes the pregnancy stops itself when there are some genetic abnormalities in the embryo. What can be done in such a situation? Dr Obidniak assures that Pre-Implantation Genetic Testing (PGT-A) has to be recommended. It’s a very safe procedure, and it is performed in 90% of the cases at the Art of Birth Clinic. Several years ago, all the fertility specialists considered that pre-implantation genetic testing shouldn’t be recommended in egg donation programs because egg donation gives good results. Egg donors are young and screened, unfortunately, it doesn’t guarantee good fertilization results and embryo development.
Dr Obidniak presented a trial called:
‘Major factors involving an implantation rate of PGT-A euploid embryos in egg donation program over 35 years old’. The investigators compared two groups. In group A, there were 182 egg donation programs with PGT-A, in group B, 58 without PGT-A. Even though these groups are not similar, we have enough programs to evaluate, and we can rely on this result. In group A, the implantation rate was 46%, which’s not that high, taking into account that it’s an egg donation program, but in group B the investigators demonstrated a 20% of implantation rate. That shows that when we implement pre-implantation genetic testing, even in egg donation programs, we get better results, we see a double elevation of implantation rate, that’s why in Art of Birth Clinic, we recommend pre-implantation genetic testing. It is only not recommended when there is a very young woman. Usually, it’s close to 90%.
Dr Obidniak also added that sperm morphology should not be omitted, the
male factor plays a great role in this process as well. Another trial was to evaluate
the impact of sperm morphology on aneuploidy rates in oocyte programs. According to the data, diminished sperm quality is correlated with the aneuploidy rate in pre-implantation embryos. That’s why even when we perform an egg donation program, and we have major defects in sperm, we always have to recommend pre-implantation genetic testing to select a good embryo and prevent the implantation of an abnormal embryo.
Unfortunately, we still are unable to fix the genetic problems in embryos. All we can do is select a good embryo that can turn into pregnancy and a healthy baby. There are several ways to select the perfect embryo. The first line is the so-called embryoscopic time-lapse cultivation of embryos, it’s a specific incubator where we don’t have to take the embryo outside this incubator to assess its morphology. Nowadays, we can observe embryo development without causing any risk to it.
The endometrium
Nowadays, the endometrium is a microenvironment, it plays a great role as a biosensor of embryo quality. Naturally, all women can assess the embryo inside. If the embryo is good, all the capabilities of a woman are inclined to make successful implantation. However, if the embryo in natural life is abnormal, endometrium prevents the implantation of such an embryo. In a normal situation, receptivity and selectivity create inferential balance. Unfortunately, when we have some functional or morphological alterations of the endometrium, its function also suffers.
If we have elevated receptivity and diminished selectivity, it results in recurrent pregnancy loss. A woman accepts all the embryos she produces, even if the embryo is abnormal, but the pregnancy has a bad prognosis and usually stops developing. On the other hand, if selectivity is too elevated, receptivity is diminished, and then we see recurrent implantation failure or infertility.
What are those morphological endometrium alterations? The main endometrium alterations were considered to be morphological, and we discussed chronic endometritis, hyperplastic process and intrauterine synechia.
‘Chronic endometritis is a condition involving the breakdown of the peaceful coexistence between microorganisms and the host immune system in the endometrium, resulting in a special type of chronic inflammation in the endometrium, characterized by non-apparent clinical signs.’
When the patient is suffering from chronic endometritis, inflammation in the endometrium doesn’t cause any pain or elevated temperature. General inflammation in the body is not absorbed, but we see that as a chronic process. Usually, there are some morphological changes, for example, micro polyps or synechia. They will notice that their menstrual bleeding quality changes, for example, the bleeding becomes more brownish, the bleeding lasts longer than usually those 3-4 days and the last days are not that intensive, but it is more brownish.
In the general population, chronic endometritis can be found in approximately 10%, but if we look at more difficult cases, for example, with several failed IVF attempts, we will see that chronic endometritis is present in 30%. If we look at recurrent implantation failure with good quality transferred embryos, chronic endometritis will be identified in 60% of cases. In a group with recurrent pregnancy loss, we observe chronic endometritis in most patients in 66%. Therefore, the treatment plan should include a diagnosis of chronic endometritis. If we verify it, we should treat chronic endometritis and prepare endometrium properly.
Microbiome
Nowadays, we understand that the uterus is not sterile at all, and we have a lot of microorganisms, we have a normal microbiome and abnormal ones inside the uterus. The uterine microbiota plays a great role because your uterus is like your apartment for your pregnancy. Embryos prefer good conditions from the first day, that’s why if they don’t find the good condition inside, they will never implant. We divide all the microorganisms into residents, tourists and invaders. Invaders are the riskiest group, we have a lot of trials concerning microbiome in recurrent pregnancy loss and repeated implantation failure. There are a lot of papers concerning uterine microbiota which are rather difficult to understand. There are a lot of microorganisms, but normally we have so-called lactobacillus dominant. If the microbiome consists of lactobacillus dominant, there are good conditions for implantation. Sometimes, specifically in inflammation, we have another microorganism that prevails, and the implantation doesn’t occur.
On the other hand, we have functional alterations, so-called compromised window implantation. In natural life, the embryo development and the receptivity of endometrium are synchronized, that’s why if the processes of embryo development and reaching maximal endometrial receptivity are de-synchronized, we will never obtain a pregnancy. Therefore, we now have 2 tests which are called ERA tests and the BeReady test. Both of them use the same technology, they give us their personalized perfect time for embryo transfer, and it results in a great outcome. Both of those tests have very similar results, and we use and implement them in our practice.
On the slide, there are three groups where that compare frozen embryo transfer with fresh embryo transfer and so-called personalized embryo transfer. The number of embryo transfers was 1.7, so sometimes they transferred two embryos, sometimes one embryo, but they tried to transfer just one embryo. CPR means clinical pregnancy rate per embryo transfer, we see that when the team of investigators implemented frozen embryo transfer, the result was 61%, fresh embryo transfer 60%, but when they use personalized embryo transfer, the CPR ( clinical pregnancy rate) was 85%, which is a great result. Dr Obidinak said that her team was the first team who started this personalized embryo transfer in Russia because we work with the most difficult cases, and so far, we had an impressive outcome.
The first patient had eight embryo transfers with PGT-A done at different clinics, but the couple never had a positive pregnancy test, and we just performed one test, and then we performed embryo transfer which resulted in pregnancy, and the pregnancy went very well with no complications, no risks and great delivery with a healthy boy. Then we had 10 or 11 cases ending in positive results, that’s why it’s our routine practice nowadays, and we use personalized embryo transfer very often.
On the analysis report of the BeReady test, we see this scale of receptivity, and the normal rate is 100 points. If we have more than 100 points, as in the first picture, we can see that this is a post-receptive endometrium, so we should perform the embryo transfer a bit earlier. If we have less than 100 points, we consider that endometrium is pre-receptive, so we should perform the embryo transfer later than it was.
Concomitant pathology
When we talk about recurrent implantation failure, we cannot avoid talking about hereditary thrombophilia. When the study started in 2006, there was a reflection that hereditary thrombophilia always results in recurrent implantation failure or problems with pregnancy. Everybody thought that two or more thrombophilia factors affect it. In 2012, we had more information, and then we understood that if there is just one isolated factor, for example, antibodies for just one factor, it doesn’t affect it, and it doesn’t provide any clue to perform a treatment. We now know that
only factor V, MTHFR homozygous mutation impacts the outcome, all others are not that significant.
Factors associated with immunology
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is one of the difficult conditions, but it’s a rather rare situation. According to a systematic review of 29 studies that included more than 5000 patients, we know that APS increased a three-fold risk of implantation failure. The good news is that we know how to treat it and prevent these bad outcomes. The idea is to verify the right diagnosis because sometimes we observe a diagnosis of APS. After all, there are very strict instructions and indications to verify APS syndrome. We have to make several tests, not just one positive test of antibodies, but we have to repeat this test because sometimes they give us false-positive results. At this time, we fix APS, we can fix complications associated with APS in most cases, but sometimes we see that we have to neglect this diagnosis, and additional diagnostic tests are required to make sure there is no APS syndrome.
Unverified celiac disease and autoimmune thyroiditis also play a great role in implantation failure. That’s why we collaborate with a specialist in endocrinology and dietology. Most of our patients have at least one or two consultations with the dietician because it’s important to have a healthy diet. When it comes to food, our habits are associated with the microbiome, and the microbiome can create a complication in our health.
According to our algorithm after embryo transfer, we always perform screening tests on TSH to control the function of our thyroid because there is strong evidence that after embryo transfer when we have implantation, we see that the thyroid function alters, and it lasts just for a very short period, but it can result in a so-called biochemical pregnancy. This alteration, in theory, results in miscarriage at a very early stage. That is the reason we have implemented screening tests on TSH on the 2nd or 3rd day after the embryo transfer so we can control it, and if there are high levels of TSH, we fix it and prescribe additional medication.
Factors associated with gametes and embryo
More and more trials and investigations are focusing on trying to enhance the quality of oocytes. Unfortunately, science doesn’t provide technology that can increase the quality of the oocyte. We know that time in the reproductive area is crucial.
Several years ago, nobody took DNA fragmentation seriously because there were different assessment methods and the results of these methods were very different, and they didn’t correlate with each other. We know now that DNA fermentation is strongly associated with recurrent pregnancy loss. The key factor contributing to this unbelievable outcome is the elevated DNA fragmentation in sperm.
Case reports
The first case is one of Dr Obidniak’s favourite, where she had a patient who was 39-years-old, and she already had eight embryo transfers in different clinics, all with PGT-A, and she never had a positive outcome. We performed a hysteroscopy, she had a very severe form of endometriosis, so we had a long period of conservative treatment of endometriosis, and Dr Obidiniak insisted on trying a natural pregnancy, and she asked the couple to give her 3 months, and it resulted in a pregnancy. Non-invasive prenatal tests (NIPT) were performed as she was 39- years old, so we took into account the elevated risk of genetic disorders in embryos, but the non-invasive tests described that everything is well and we had good delivery. Sometimes the problem is very tiny, and we do not need to do a lot of work, we just need to find the problem and fix it, and sometimes we don’t even need to perform IVF. Still, it’s a rare situation.
Another case report is a patient who was 41, she had 27 embryo transfers. She had severe endometriosis and chronic endometritis with severe activity and even autoimmune components. She had multiple recommendations for egg donation and surrogacy programs, and she even tried egg donation, but there was no result, and she came to us with no hope. She just wanted to try everything. We did stimulation with own eggs program following PGT-A, then we did hysteroscopy where we removed lots of micro polyps. Then there was a conservative treatment of chronic endometritis and frozen embryo transfer in a natural cycle with PRP therapy. The result was the clinical pregnancy and delivery of a healthy boy on the second attempt. In 2020, we did another embryo transfer, it was her 29th attempt, and it was also successful, and she now has a baby girl.
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