How to prepare for IVF and what to expect during treatment?

Rami Wakim, MD
Reproductive Medicine Consultant , Dr Rami Wakim Fertility

Category:
Donor Eggs, IVF Abroad, Success Rates

From this video you will find out:

What are the scientific advances in treating male infertility? How to improve sperm quality?
How do embryologists choose the right sperm?
How to measure oxidative stress?
What are the ESHRE guidelines on how to approach the male factor & recurrent pregnancy loss?
What are the medical advances in female fertility? The egg: quantity and quality?
What are the tools clinicians can use to study endometrium and investigate recurrent implantation failure?

How to prepare for IVF and what to expect during treatment?

What to expect during IVF cycle and what are the new approaches?

In this online event, Dr Rami Wakim, Reproductive Medicine Consultant, explains what you can expect when undergoing IVF treatment and what tests and studies are available to investigate difficult patient cases.

Male factor

Starting with male fertility, the basic analysis is a straightforward semen analysis, and this is more than enough in most cases. Even if the numbers are a bit lower, there are ways to improve semen quality through your lifestyle, by quitting smoking and alcohol, having a healthy diet, avoiding toxins, exercising and so on. You can also improve your semen with the help of supplements in the form of sachets or tablets. Nowadays, more tests are available, for example, tests for seminal oxidative stress that can be done prior to antioxidant therapy, and sperm DNA fragmentation test, which can be helpful in cases of recurrent miscarriage, and unexplained infertility. Thanks to this test, it’s possible to see if there is any damage to the DNA in a sperm sample. The main indications for sperm DNA testing are varicocele, unexplained infertility, recurrent pregnancy loss, IVF and ICSI failure and lifestyle risk factors. According to ESHRE guidelines from 2017, the main cause of DNA damage is oxidative stress which can be exacerbated by smoking, and obesity, therefore, sperm DNA damage and oxidative stress testing should be offered to couples following even a single miscarriage. Couples should be advised on how to have a healthy lifestyle, so men would be advised to test semen, and oxidative stress before embarking on additional dietary antioxidant supplementation. Fertility chips are more and more used and are very promising, potentially, those can help the embryologist choose the right sperm to have higher fertilization potential. PESA, TESA, TESE, and microTESE are also useful depending on each case and its indications.

Female factor

There are 2 parameters to assess the egg, one is the quantity, and the other is the quality. The quantity is assessed by 2 things, a blood test (AMH), and the antral follicle count (AFC) scan, those help with the prediction of ovarian reserve. The AMH testing does not mean that if it is low, for example, e you are going to have your menopause very early or you cannot ovulate, or you cannot get pregnant on your own, it doesn’t mean anything like that, it just helped the clinicians to predict your ovarian response and to tailor your medication accordingly and an IVF cycle for example. The Anti-Müllerian hormone is the best single predictor because this is an objective test, and it doesn’t have to be related to the period, you can do it any time of the month, and it doesn’t have to be related to day 1, 2, 3 like what it was done with the FSH. The quality is another issue, and the quality is directly proportional to age. Is it possible to improve your egg quantity? Unfortunately not, what you have is what you got. The other thing is regarding the age, how can I improve the quality of your eggs? Yes, there are ways, and the most important one is fertility cryopreservation. Why is that? If you freeze your eggs in time, let’s say at 30, they remain 30, even if you have to use them when you are 35 or 37, your eggs will behave exactly like 30. All your statistics will be based on age 30. Other options to improve poor quality include still experimental techniques such as mitochondrial transfer (three-parent baby), there is also the autologous transfer of ovarian tissue or ovarian tissue cryopreservation up to an ovarian transplant. Some centres are very advanced in this, and they do ovarian transplants to use it at a later stage.

Embryo implantation

The majority of euploid embryos (normal chromosomes) do implant, on the other hand, the aneuploid embryos (abnormal chromosomes) do not implant, however, there is also a grey area because some euploid embryos do not end in implantation. The first failure can happen, the second time can be just bad luck, and the third time means there is something wrong and it should be thoroughly checked. There are many tests available that can help with finding the cause of recurrent implantation failure. These include the ERA test (endometrial receptivity test), but also endometrial scratch, which according to HFEA doesn’t have robust scientific evidence to prove it actually works, as well as EmbryoGlue. Another useful tool is EndomeTRIO: ERA (Endometrial Receptivity Analysis) +EMMA (Endometrial Microbiome Metagenomic)+ALICE (Analysis of Infectious Chronic Endometritis) tests. The uterine cavity is full of good and bad bacteria, if we adjust the microbiome, especially, the lactobacillus possibly we can improve things.

Additional methods

Nowadays, a lot of people ask about DHEA (Dehydroepiandrosterone)supplementation, and in 2015, the papers suggested that there is an absence of good-quality evidence of the risk and benefits of DHEA therefore it is not recommended. In 2020, a Cochrane review revealed a higher ongoing pregnancy rate and live births following DHEA use, however, the benefit was not statistically significant. There was also a very famous study called DHEA Intervention to treat ovarian ageing, it was a single-centre randomized control study which failed to demonstrate any benefit from the use of DHEA in women with diminished ovarian reserve. Regarding antioxidants including CoQ10, in 2015, a paper came up where it was stated that further evidence is required before CoQ10 can be recommended for all low responders. It was shown that COQ10 improves the oocyte and cumulus cells’ quantity and quality, however, a recent study failed to demonstrate any improvement in clinical outcome. Another important thing to remember is that the excessive formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can induce oxidative stress and lead to some damage or death. However, both extremes whether you use more oxidative or more antioxidant are both counterproductive. Artificial oocyte activation (AOA) is a good concept to activate the oocyte artificially, however, it has been only limited to scientific files, so it cannot be recommended clinically. When we’re talking about heparin, there is conflicting evidence to establish its potential in recurrent miscarriage without Thrombophilia. However, there is growing evidence that other than its antithrombotic effect, the use of heparin can favour reproductive outcomes via different mechanisms of action. A Cochrane review of 13 randomized controlled trials has suggested that the administration of aspirin did not improve the pregnancy rate for IVF patients. More recently, a Cochrane review of studies in women with recurrent miscarriage, whether associated with Thrombophilia or not, did not find any benefit of the use of aspirin alone or in a combination of Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH).

Final thoughts

Folic acid and vitamin D remain the preconception prenatal supplement of choice, these are the two most important vitamins you should be on before trying to conceive.
Preconception optimization, such as BMI, lifestyle changes, stabilizing chronic medical conditions, avoiding coffee, alcohol and smoking, considering the Expanded Carrier Screening testing in both partners.
More expensive treatment doesn’t always mean it’s better, be aware of marketing tactics that you can find everywhere.
Alternative medicine, such as acupuncture, hypnotherapy, reflexology, and homoeopathy, can be of help.
Counselling is always there to help you when needed, it’s free, and it’s available.

What to expect during IVF cycle and what are the new approaches? - Questions and Answers

What supplements do you recommend for men and women?

There are some supplements that we see in the market that are, actually, for both men and women, they’re becoming addressed to both men and women. I cannot recommend one thing in particular. I cannot say evidence-based like all the evidence that we have gathered regarding what can work to improve the sperm parameter, for example, or the egg quality. They have put them together now. This does not imply that if you take this, your chances will become much better. This cannot be interpreted like this, however, if you have a supplement that covers everything that this sperm or the egg needs to nurture in order to help not do to deteriorate things in itself is an improvement, is helpful.

How can I improve the quality of my eggs?

I have touched it in my slide and the improvement of the quality of the egg is, unfortunately, the quantity and the quality is very difficult to improve. The IVF concept is, basically, trying to help you with what you have. If you are at a certain age, we cannot change it. The quality of the egg will always be in relation to your age. If you are 20, you have young eggs behaving like 20, 30 the same, 40 the same so I cannot improve the quality of the egg but what I can do is to try to get the most out of this scenario which is whether quantity or quality and improve things by trying to create embryos through IVF. This will mainly act on the time to conceive. Instead of trying naturally, for example, at home or with less successful procedures. IVF is successful eventually, not necessarily in every case, however, if IVF you are expecting from it getting more eggs than you are already having this is amiss, this is not true because if you have an antral follicle count on that cycle that you are starting any form of treatment I cannot generate more than this. If you have 5 antral follicles do not expect to have, for example, 8-9 eggs. Regarding the quality, can I improve my egg quality? The only thing, for now, is cryopreservation of the egg so. My advice to you is if you are in this category that you would like to have or to proceed with egg freezing, go for it. Because this is the only way to improve dramatically the quality of the egg and hence the quality of the embryo in the future.

My husband and I have frozen sperm samples but the sample we want to use with the best quality is a slow frozen assisted 2007 sample in Australia. The DNA fragmentation test was done by Prof. Don Evenson and he said this was the best sample out of all samples. My worry is that it was slow frozen assisted which was the case back then. What is your opinion with it being defrosted and used? How many straws should be used as it needs to be transported to a clinic abroad? We don’t want to use recent sperm as my husband is older and the sperm is not that good quality.

Let me reassure you that the current preservation of the sperm is completely different than cryopreservation of the egg. The reason we had a very high success now in egg freezing is because we have shifted from the actual way that we were doing the cryopreservation to vitrification. The main difference here was that the egg using slow freezing that we used to do has given us very low success rates in the past maximum maybe 10% and the problem was with the thawing. Thawing what the problem because eggs were frozen and when you defrost them, ice particles form and this is where the problem was. Vitrification is a completely different issue. Vitrification is instant freezing that there is no time even for ice to form when you defrost it. That’s why we are giving high success rates now as 50% for the egg. However, this does not apply for sperm. The sperm do very well. It has always been frozen the way we started freezing sperm a long time ago before freezing the eggs. We started freezing eggs in around 2000, however, the freezing the sperm was known long before that and it was always the slow frozen. I wouldn’t worry about it much because sperm behaves very well after being slow frozen or frozen using the new techniques. Regarding the second question: how many straws should I be using? This is a completely lab discussion. From a clinician’s point of view, I would abide by what the lab is advising.

We had four IVF cycles, two in 2012 and two last year. Every time we go for a collection of eggs that are of good quality, the doctor said there was good quality of embryo transferred but the final result always negative. I don’t know why that happened four times. What do we need to do for success?

That’s a common question that I get in a scenario of a busy IVF clinic so it’s not uncommon to come across this. Unfortunately, I’m so sorry to hear this that you were not successful but there is a lot of information here that we need to know like the kind of stimulation you had, your BMI, whether the eggs produced were of good quality, how many mature, how many fertilized, so it’s not only like what is the end result but I would like to know this is the whole sequence of events until you produce all these eggs and the final result. How many good quality embryos as well as how many frozen? Don’t forget that I don’t know the age, I don’t know what is the state of the lining of the womb, what was the thickness. Did you think about using one of these techniques that we use for implantation failure? Because if they were good quality blastocysts as you said I would ask if you get enough progesterone? Do we need to know more, take a biopsy, and see. On the other hand, if your age is, say for example about 40, I would definitely advise you to test the embryos because we need to know one way or another. Are the embryos problem chromosomally speaking or is there a problem in the implantation? That’s an end result but, however, leading to this I should know a very thorough study of your stimulation protocol.

I’ve had two failed attempts both with IVF and ICSI due to me having natural killer cells. Is this something you believe in? Where is the best place to treat immunology in the UK and overseas? I’m 45. Would you recommend trying egg donation and would this work if I have NK cells?

It’s a good question. You had two failed attempts both with IVF and ICSI and you had the kind of diagnosis that this was due to having natural killer cells and this is the first myth that we have to clarify. As I have mentioned, the papers have been published and the randomized control studies did not show any relation between the natural killer cells, both uterine or in peripheral blood, and the reason for you not having a successful attempt. This is the first thing that we need to realize – that it doesn’t mean that treating them will definitely make this pregnancy successful. However, there are centers that treat immunology, of course, but do I believe in it? I believe only the evidence and what has been published in the scientific papers. I am very critical but I don’t mean by that I have to ignore any attempts to see like if there is an improvement from a technique that I can use. But the most important thing to know and to realize that don’t fall into this idea that if you are not treated through this immunological technique, that means that this was the only reason for your failure. If you are 45, as you said, there is a major issue here to talk about more – this is the quality of the eggs. The quality of the egg is, results from the age and has implications on the quality of the embryo. If you have tried twice and the outcomes were unsuccessful, egg donation at 45 would give you a higher success rate in comparison with trying with your own eggs. But, obviously, everything has to be balanced, and would this work if you have NK cells? If you have an egg donor and egg donation cycle, a lot of IVF clinics would recommend running a basic study of NK cells. However, this is not the mainstream in the IVF field for now.

What is IVA – in vitro activation?

VA is in vitro activation and this has started in Japan with a breakthrough idea that gave a successful outcome. This is very limited to a very specific group of people who have premature ovarian insufficiency as long as they have some antral follicles. By this scientific breakthrough, they take these antral follicles and they will grow them outside, in the lab, with the eggs as well and injecting them with so many factors and then replacing it back to the ovary and therefore they will be responding to the actual simulation drugs. This concept is still in a scientific issue, we cannot recommend it only for a clinical aspect. However, it is promising to know what it will lead us to. There are like a few recorded cases worldwide but we will want to know more about whether or not it is going to be in the mainstream in the near future.

I thought that eggs could be improved in quality and quantity by q10 supplementation?

I have mentioned this already and I advise you to read this paper published very recently in 2020 about add-ons and they have all the information about Q10. I’m putting this information because it was fascinating to know what is the outcome of all this information. I have no inclination to be favoring this but this is for everyone to read and to know exactly whether this is helpful or not.

Is there any harm from taking Q10?

There is no harm but we are talking about whether there are any benefits. If there are no proven benefits, so it’s very hard to argue whether taking it will improve things.

I’ve been taking 200 milligrams of Ubiquinol: CoQ10 daily to improve my cell quality. Do you suggest this may be more detrimental than I thought?

It’s not detrimental as I said but we have to be aware of the evidence. It’s not detrimental. I want to have a more green light to say it does definitely improve things. There is a big difference. I cannot say it is detrimental. At the same time, is there any trial that has improved the outcome of live birth? There wasn’t.

How much folic acid and vitamin D should I take? Is folate better? Prenatal vitamins?

Folic acid is either taken alone or as a part of prenatal vitamins. Folic acid is 400 micrograms per day, vitamin D is 1,000 units per day and usually, multivitamins contain everything including folic acid and vitamin D. Every vitamin combination is in a way good but as long as they have at least 400 micrograms of folic acid.

Should egg donors take vitamins as well?

The folate is taken mainly in relation to pregnancy so the donor whether she takes vitamin D or folic acid will not make a huge impact on the egg. Because you need the vitamins for your actual pregnancy.

Is too much folic acid or vitamin C dangerous?

Definitely high doses of vitamin D are not recommended so if you have the 5,000 units, 10,000, or 80,000 so this is not recommended. A thousand unit should be more than enough and folic acid or folate unless you had a proven recurrent miscarriage then we can advise these 5 milligrams or you had diabetes, previous neural tube defect baby so we recommend the higher dose which is the 5 milligrams.

Even with a proven donor as well as surrogate do you suggest that amniocentesis be done on the surrogate? Would you recommend this for a single pregnancy as well as with twins?

The amniocentesis now is not based on age or whether the donor was young. We take all this into a statistical equation and then have an assessment with a mutant screening test, with all the other blood tests that we do in the first trimester, and based on that we would recommend if you are at high-risk or low-risk.

What are the differences between antagonist and agonist protocol?

Antagonist protocol is a shorter version of the agonist protocol. The agonist protocol was the one that was the classic one to start with. It was meant to shut down the ovaries basically by what we call agonists or GnRH agonists and this makes the ovaries dormant so when we start the actual stimulation, the FSH, it will help us improve the number and the progress of these follicles without a premature LH surge. We start them on day 21 before the actual start of the period and two weeks after we start with the actual medication. The antagonist came back as a newer version and it’s a very good idea. We start with the FSH stimulation and we add up a general antagonist to inhibit the average search. They both function the same so one is an agonist protocol starting before starting the cycle, on day 21, before the actual commencement of the treatment, and the other one we start 5-6 days after we start the medication. Both of them are, basically, to prevent the LH surge and premature ovulation.

What are your thoughts on PGT-A based on the latest red rating from HFEA? I had 3 IVF cycles with PGT-A. I’m 41. The first cycle 2 out of 2 aneuploidy, second cycle 3 out of 6 aneuploidy (3 no results), third cycle 6 out of 11 aneuploidy (3 no results). The “no” result embryos had poor grading on outer cell mass. The problem was usually with chromosome 16 or 13.

I just wanted to know what was the outcome with genetic counseling so did you have genetic counseling? And what kind of aneuploidy? It’s not only aneuploidy or mosaicism, other types? So if there was no genetic counseling, it’s very difficult to know exactly what. Because some hereditary problems are repetitive and they should be managed differently from something that is less likely to happen again. I advise you strongly to have genetic counseling and take it from there. Chromosome 16 or 13 – ok. The main chromosomes that we look for are 13, 18 and 21 and this is, unfortunately, incompatible. In a way, it is good that they were detected before replacing them back so what is the next step forward? It will depend on the whole scenario, the age, and whether you accept egg donation or not and stuff like that.

I’m about to go through another cycle of IVF. I’m 42. I’m debating whether to do PGT-A based on the latest red rating? I had 3 euploid embryos frozen, 2 transferred – no success.

I think perhaps you should combine it with an ERA testing that would be the best way forward, actually. At least, I know that the embryo is normal and then I would like to know more about why you are not having implantation. Maybe hysteroscopy, maybe ERA testing. I understand banking for sibling is good but I think, on the balance, you could go away with simple things like transferring an abnormal embryo. However, if you’d like to go ahead, this has to be definitely geared and directed by genetic counseling. Since you have said, unfortunately, you didn’t have genetic counseling so I really recommend you to have and see what the recommendation is. And, yes, sometimes, the normal-looking embryos had aneuploidy. I showed you a slide that no matter what you cannot judge by the looks if they are euploidy or aneuploidy, so you have a very good quality embryo, good-looking under the microscope, however, it is not okay later.

Shall I do PGT-A on my embryos or not?

After careful examination, we have to make a decision. For example, four times we have done PGT-A and then we had a repetitive abnormality. If PGT-A has been recommended because of your age alone and then repeated aneuploidy, then the benefit of it might overcome the risks of having PGT-A.

I understand from the literature that Day 3 blastocyst transfer has proven to be better for women of my age as the eggs retrieved are usually riper than in younger women so the development age is actually older and Day 5 is “too late” in the embryo development age. Is this something you would do for an aged advanced patient?

There are two issues here: one is the egg quality in relation to blastocyst. We know that in the initial phase of the blastocyst formation, during days 1-3, they are predetermined by the egg quality, however, from day 4-5, they are more sperm driven. What we are trying to say by this that if you have a good number of eggs and a good number of embryos that you have developed up to Day 3 and then after having, for example, six Day 3 embryos we end up with one blastocyst. We often say that this is more likely to be driven by sperm so that this means that we have to transfer only Day 3 regarding your age. It’s not relevant because till the blastocyst is the most embryo proven to have an implantation potential. If I compare the implantation potential of Day 3 or Day 5 definitely the blastocyst has got the highest implantation potential. There is nothing called developing Day 5 is “too” late in the embryo development and age. I don’t know where you found this information, or perhaps I’m not understanding what you mean by “too late” here. This is the known practice of having an embryo developing till Day 5. However, it all depends also on the number. If, for example, I have one or two embryos and after counseling, you’re happy to have two embryos put back, I don’t see a reason why I should wait until Day 5. That’s the issue here. The issue is mainly dependent on the risk of multiple pregnancy, the risk of having a late diagnosis of failed development into blastocyst by just observing them under the microscope which would have eventually have happened anyway. However, this myth of being “too late” in the embryo development age, I don’t think this terminology is something I would go with. However, as I said if you have 1-2 embryos, then this is more than enough to transfer them on Day 3 and most of the IVF clinics would not wait to Day 5 to transfer.

Why is it better to go for a low stimulation cycle if you have low AMH? Wouldn’t an antagonist approach be better to try and produce more eggs?

It’s a good question. Low stimulation/mild stimulation/natural stimulation has got the advantage of having a very low dose and once we know that the there is a low AMH on board and especially in very poor ovarian reserve, a low stimulation has proven that it is much milder into stimulating the eggs and providing better quality eggs. You have to understand that I’m not challenging the ovaries to produce many eggs – this is number one. We have to accept that low AMH, no matter what I do, I will not be able to produce more. Remember what I have said before. If, for example, you have 2-3 antral follicles to start with, if I give you an antagonist with 450 units, it doesn’t mean that I’m going to get 8 or 9 eggs out of these 2-3 antral follicles – so that’s number one. If I have 1-2 antral follicles that I’m aiming to get into maturity so they grow so that I can collect them, on one hand, pushing very hard will not benefit you, the ovaries may not be responding, on the other hand, the egg quality demonstrated by this high dose of FSH are proven to yield more aneuploidy embryos. If I have, for example, three eggs developed into 2-3 embryos in the mild stimulation, I’m expecting to have at least 1-2 normal embryos. However, if I do an antagonist cycle and then I try to produce 3-4, I may have all 4 aneuploidy. There is a concept that has come out of this which is banking of embryos. When you hear about a three-cycle package that is exactly the situation that we are in here. We know that low AMH is not going to respond with a higher number of eggs. The way around this is to do, for example, a three-cycle package. That means that I stimulate, collect the eggs, create embryos and bank them and not transfer. The same in the second cycle and the same in the third cycle. That means that after these three cycles, I have more choice: to know how many embryos can be produced and this comes in dual advantage. Firstly, I’m transferring, for example, two embryos and then out of this 3-4 I have collected five embryos so we still have still three frozen so that’s fantastic. If you, for example, would like to have PGT-A on these embryos, that means that I have a choice and doing PGT-A on five embryos is much better than doing PGT-A on one because then it is not worth it. So this type of stimulation has got advantages: it’s milder, it’s less harmful to the body and is less expensive. So there is a lot of advantages in this.

Are results of low/mild stimulation protocols included in the success rates or only normal protocols are taken into account when collating for success rate in your clinic and other clinics generally?

It’s a good question. Low and mild stimulation protocols are labeled as for poor prognosis patients so, in IVF clinics, if they want to be transparent, they should include this in their success rates. This is an honest answer so, yes, they would be included. Even if the success rate is low, as long as we know that they are offering low or mild stimulation… because some units do not offer this mild stimulation protocol simply because maybe they don’t believe in it. But if it is in a clinic’s offer, you will see it even on their website. There should be a section with information on patients aged 30-35 and those patients who had mild stimulation, especially in the age category older than 32-40 will be included and will have obviously smaller success rates. However, this is more than enough to make someone happy with their own eggs.

Is there any evidence for mild stimulation in patients with high AMH in older age to get better quality eggs?

This is a very good question. However, in older age to have high AMH is debatable or very unlikely. However, I see this on occasion so it’s not something that we are talking about on a daily basis. For example, I’ve seen AMH of 33 and 35 in a patient who was 41-42 years old – it’s very good. But remember I’ve spoken about two things: one is the quantity and the other is quality. So AMH is 22 at 41 – that’s very good. In that sense, both protocols can be used. It depends on what has already been done. So the short answer for a 41-year-old who has an AMH of 22 a full classic IVF stimulation would work better in this case. However, mild stimulation is dedicated to much lower AMH or much older group of patients.

What are the risks of PGT-A?

There is always the risk that an embryo does not survive the biopsy. However, the biopsy, if you are talking about PGT-A at the blastocyst stage when using it from a perfect donor is very risky. We are saying that less than 5% are not surviving the biopsy and then on thawing, then you see that the embryo did not survive. Yes, there are risks of PGT-A like in any other procedure but, definitely, the risk of biopsy in the trophectoderm on the blastocyst is much lesser than a biopsy on a Day 3 embryo.

Is low stimulation better for patients aged 42-43?

I cannot say that. Every patient is different. At 42-43, I need to know what is the antral follicle count, what is her AMH, has she already done classic protocols before, what kind of eggs she has produced, how much was the level of the E2 that she has produced. It’s very different. It’s not categorizing people based on age 40-43. I’d rather have a medically fit patient at 42-43 with AMH which is not as low below 2-5. In a scenario of having at least an average AMH, where the woman has not tried IVF antagonist cycle or agonist cycle, definitely in that scenario, I would go for the antagonist cycle. The key thing is here if I can get as many eggs as possible. Because you can get a much higher number of eggs but end up with a lower number of embryos. This lower number of embryos I want to use them for fresh transfer (one embryo) and then see if I can freeze the rest. For mild stimulation, if a woman has very good AMH, she will not have a good chance of reaching her potential in it. It would be a good trial to recruit as many eggs as possible before reaching the age of 43-44. FSH at 7.5 at 42 years old is excellent so any FSH of less than 10 we considered as normal.

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Authors

Rami Wakim, MD

Dr Rami Wakim is a leading British doctor of Lebanese descent, educated in Cairo, undertaking a medical internship and subsequent training at Ain-Shams University, followed by specialisation in Obstetrics and Gynaecology at various hospitals around the world. It is the prestigious Rizk Hospital in Beirut where Dr. Wakim developed his strong interest in IVF (known as In Vitro Fertilization) technique. Having successfully obtained his membership at the College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in 2000, Dr Wakim continued fertility training with a clinical fellowship at the University College London Hospital (UCLH) and Imperial College London. Over the course of 25 years, he was fortunate to work with the leading professionals in the field of reproductive medicine in some of the busiest clinics, including IVF Hammersmith, Assisted Reproduction and Gynaecology Centre (ARGC), Harley Street Fertility Clinic (HSFC), Create Fertility, Gennet City Fertility and Reproductive Health Group, among others. Having been largely recognised for clinical expertise and highest standards of patient care, Dr. Wakim continues his collaboration with a number of well-established medical practitioners and clinics around the globe that offer effective treatment and state of the art operating facilities.

Event Moderator

Caroline Kulczycka

Caroline Kulczycka is managing MyIVFAnswers.com and has been hosting IVFWEBINARS dedicated to patients struggling with infertility since 2020. She's highly motivated and believes that educating patients so that they can make informed decisions is essential in their IVF journey. In the past, she has been working as an International Patient Coordinator, where she was helping and directing patients on their right path. She also worked in the tourism industry, and dealt with international customers on a daily basis, including working abroad. In her free time, you’ll find her travelling, biking, learning new things, or spending time outdoors.

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